author(s)
Sangameshwara and Dr. Suresh Patil

abstract
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a major healthcare-associated infection among mechanically ventilated patients, associated with increased morbidity, mortality, length of stay and costs. Prevention of VAP has therefore become a key quality indicator in intensive care practice. Over the last decade, surveillance concepts have shifted from VAP to the broader ventilator-associated events (VAE) framework, and prevention strategies have evolved from isolated measures to structured VAP prevention bundles. This review summarizes the pathogenesis and risk factors for VAP, outlines evidence-based bundle components, and highlights recent developments, including updated international guidelines, new data on subglottic secretion drainage, evolving evidence on oral chlorhexidine, and technology-enabled interventions. Implications for nursing practice, especially in resource-limited settings, are discussed.